PENGELOLAAN UNSUR HARA TERPADU DALAM BUDIDAYA TANAMAN PORANG (REVIEW)

Authors

  • Ria Rustiana Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Nusa Tenggara Barat
  • Suwardji Suwardji Universitas Mataram
  • Ahmad Suriadi Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Nusa Tenggara Barat

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31764/jau.v8i2.5229

Keywords:

Amorphophallus muelleri Blume, Integrated nutrient management, Organic fertilizer, Soil nutrients

Abstract

Elephant food yam (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is an important tuber plant that is grown in most of the tropical countries including Indonesia and is a very profitable export commodity. Soil nutrients availability is one of the most important factors that determine the production of elephant food yam plants. However, there is no single nutrient source, either from inorganic fertilizers or organic fertilizers or biological fertilizers, which is able to meet all the nutrient needs of the plants grown. Therefore, integrated nutrient management (INM) of elephant food yam plants seems to be a way out to maintain sustainable production and increase profitability. This paper reviews the results of research on various issues of INM-based production management for elephant food yam plants and analyzes the extent of research on the use of INM both in Indonesia and abroad. The benefits of integrated nutrient management are well documented for vegetable crops. However, it is still very little available for elephant food yam plants, especially in Indonesia. Integrated nutrient management (INM) is a very important technological innovation to be applied to elephant food yam cultivation. Elephant food yam is a high nutrient consumeplant, so a wise and precise combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers as well as bio-fertilizer will result in sustainable and sinergistic use of soil nutrients of elephant foot yams. Therefore, recommendations for research need for INM of elephant food yam should be carried out in order to increase the production of it in a sustainable manner.

References

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Amato, M., & Ladd, J. . (1992). Decomposition of 14C-labelled glucose and legume material in soil: properties influencing the accumulation of organic residue C and microbial biomass C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry., 24, 455–464.

Angers, D. A. (1997). Impact of tillage pratices on organic carbon and nitrogen storage in humic soil of Easern Canada. Soil Tillage Research., 41, 191–201.

Barzman, M., Bà rberi, P., Birch, A. N. E., Boonekamp, P., Dachbrodt-Saaydeh, S., Graf, B., Hommel, B., Jensen, J. E., Kiss, J., Kudsk, P., Lamichhane, J. R., Messéan, A., Moonen, A.-C., Ratnadass, A., Ricci, P., Sarah, J.-L., & Sattin, M. (2015). Eight principles of integrated pest management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35(4), 1199–1215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0327-9

Basu, S., Das, M., Sen, A., Choudhury, U., & Datta, A. (2014). Analysis of complete nutritional profile of amorphophallus campanulatus tuber cultivated in Howrah District of West Bengal, India. Asian J Pharm Clin Res., 7(2), 25–29.

Brundrett, M. C. (2009). Mycorrhizal associations and other means of utrition of vascular plants: Understanding the global diversity of host plant resolving conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis. Plant and Soil., 320, 37–44.

Buresh, R. J., & Witt, C. (2007). Site Spesific Nutrients Menagement. In IFA (Ed.), Fertilizer Best Management Practices: General Principles, Strategy for their Adoption and Voluntary Initiatives vs Regulations. (pp. 47–56). IFA International Workshop on Fertilizer Best Management Practices.

Byju, G., Mamatha, K., Nedunchezhiyan., M., George, J., Sunitha, S., Kamalkumaran, R., Singh, P. P., Mitra, S., Soman, S., Tarafdar, T., Desai, K., Ravi, V., Vani, M., & Remesh, K. R. R. (2016). Fertilizer best management practices by SSNM and customized fertilizers for elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) cultivation in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences., 86(4), 485–493.

Chattopadhyay, A., & Nath, R. (2007). Medicinal importance of some well known and unexploited roots and tubers: Agriculture update. Hindian. Agri-Horticulture Society, 2, 80–82.

Chauhan, T. M., Ali, J., Singh, H., Singh, N., & Singh, S. P. (2014). Effect of Zinc and magnesium nutrition on yield, quality and removal of nutrients in wheat drip irrigation and fertigation levels. Journal of Root Crops, 42(1), 22–32.

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Gil-stores, F., Trasar-Ceped, C., Leiros, M. C., & Seoane, S. (2005). Different approach to evaluating soil quality using biochemical properties. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37, 877–887.

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Insam, H. (1990). Are the soil microbial biomass and basal respiration governed by the climate regime? Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22, 525–532.

Kabeerathumma, S., Mohankumar, B., & Nair, P. G. (1987). Nutrient Uptake and Their Utilization by Yams, Aroides and Coleus. Technical Bulletin Series No.1, 34.

Leiwakabessy, F. M., Wahjudin, U. M., & Suwarno. (2003). Kesuburan Tanah. Jurusan Tanah Fakultas Pertanian, IPB.

Lin, S. Y., Young, C. C., Hupfer, H., Slering, C., Arun, A. B., Chen, W. M., Lai, W. A., Shen, F. T., Rekha, P. D., & Yassin, A. F. (2009). Azospirillum picis sp., isolated form discarded tar. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59, 761–765.

Marschner, P., Crowley, D., & Yang, C. H. (2004). Development of specific rhizosphere bacterial communities in relation to plants species, nutrition and soil type. Plant and Soil, 261, 199–208.

Martin-Prevel, P. J. (1989). Physiological processes related to handling and storage quality of crops. In Proceedings of the 21st IPI Colloquium on: Methods of K Research in Plants. held at Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 19-21 June 1989 (pp. 219–248). International Potash Institute, Bern, Switzerland.

Misra, R. S., Nedunchezhiyan, M., Shivalingaswamy, T. M., & Edison, S. (2002). Mass multiplication techniques for producing quality planting of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson (Araceae). Aroideana, 25, 78–87.

Moore, J. M., Klose, S., & Tabatabai, M. A. (2000). Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen as affected by cropping systems. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 31, 200–210.

Nair, P. G., Mohankumar, C. R., & Saraswathy, P. (1990). Effect of different levels of NPK on the growth and yield of Amorphophallus under upland condition in acid ultisol. In National Symposium on Recent Advances in Tropical Tuber Crops. 7-9 November,1990, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

Nedunchezhiyan, M., Ravi, V., Byju, G., & George, J. (2017). Organic source of nutrients effect on growth, yield and quality ofelephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences., 887(8), 1018–1023.

Palm, C. A., Gachengo, C. N., Deive, R. J., Cadisch, G., & Giller, K. E. (2001). Organic input for soil fertility management in tropical agroecosystems: application of an organic resource database. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment., 83, 27–42.

Ramadhani, Y. (2020). Keuntungan Bisnis Tanaman Porang: Potensi Ekspor Hingga Rp11,31 M. Tirto.Id. https://tirto.id/ew4b

Ravi, V., Ravindran, C. S., & Suja, G. (2009). Growth and productivity of elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst. Nicolson): an overview. Journal of Root Crops, 35, 131–142.

Ravi, V., Ravindran, C. S., Suja, G., George, J., Nedunchezhiyan, M., Byju, G., & Naskar, S. K. (2011). Crop physiology of elephant foot yam [Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst. Nicolson)]. Adv. Hort. Sci., 25(1), 51–63.

Roper, M. M., & Gupta, V. S. R. (1995). Management practices and soil biota. Australian Journal of Soil Research., 33, 321–329.

Roy, R. N., Finck, A., Blair, G. J., & Tandon, H. L. S. (2006). Plant nutrition for food security, a guide for integrated nutrient management.

Sahoo, B., Nedunchezhiyan, M., & Acharyya, P. (2015). Growth and Yield of Elephant Foot Yam under Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) in Alfisols. Journal of Root Crops, 41(1), 59–64.

Sahoo, B., Nedunchezhiyan, M., Acharyya, P., Munshi, R., Sahu, D., & Pradhan, R. (2019). Effect of Secondary and Micronutrients on Growth Attributes and Yield of Elephant Foot Yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences., 8(5), 323–330.

Sakal, R., & Singh, A. P. (1995). Boron research and agricultural production. In H. L. . Tandon (Ed.), Micronutrients Research and Agricultural Production,. IBH & Oxford Publishing Company.

Saleh, N., Rahayuningsih, S. A., Radjit, B. S., Ginting, E., Harnowo, D., & Mejaya, I. M. J. (2015). Tanaman Porang. Pengenalan, Budidaya, dan Pemanfaatannya. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan.

Santosa, E., Halimah, S., Susila, A. D., Lontoh, A. P., Noguchi, A., Takahata, K., & Sugiyama, N. (2015). NPK Fertilizers for Elephant Foot Yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) Intercropped with Coffee Trees. Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia ., 43(3), 257–263.

Santosa, E., Setiasih, I., Mine, Y., & Sugiyama, N. (2011). Nitrogen and potassium applications on the growth of Amorphophallus muelleri Blume. Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia, 39, 118–124.

Sapitri, L. D. (2012). Pemupukan Tanaman Suweg (Amorphophallus Paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) Dan Iles-Iles (Amorphophallus Muelleri Blume.) Pada Sistem Tumpangsari. Institute pertanian Bogor.

Sarief, S. (1985). Kesuburan dan pemupukan tanah pertanian. Pustaka Buana.

Scheludko, A. V., Krill, V. M., Tugarova, A. V., Krestinenko, V. A., Panasenko, V. I., Antonyuk, L. P., & Katsy, E. I. (2009). Change in motility of the Rhizobacterium Azospirillum brasilense in the presence of plant lectins. Microbiological Research., 164, 149–156.

Siason, E., Standing, D., Kilham, E., & Johnson, D. (2009). Mycorrhizal fungi increase biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas fluorescence. Soil Biology and Biochemstry., 41, 1341–1343.

Srivastava, A. K., & Ngullie, E. (2009). Integrated Nutrient Management: Theory and Practice. Dynamic Soil, Dynamic Plant., 3(1), 1–30.

Srivastava, A. K., & Singh, S. (2003). Biofertilizers, an upcoming alternative to chemical fertilizers for better soil fertility and citrus nutrition. Indian Fertilizers., 16, 42–53.

Sugiyama, N., & Santosa, E. (2008). Edible Amorphophallusin Indonesia-Potential Crops in Agroforestry. Gajah Mada Press.

Suja, G., Sundaresan, S., & John, K. S. (2012). Higher yield, profit and soil quality from organic farming of elephant foot yam. Agronomy Sustainability Development, 32, 755–764. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0058-5

Sumarwoto, & Maryana. (2011). Pertumbuhan bulil iles-iles berbagai ukuran pada beberapa jenis media Tanam. Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan., IV(2), 91–98.

Sumarwoto, W. W. (2008). Growth and yield of food yam (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) at first growing period at different N and K fertilizers. Agrivita, 30, 67–74.

Tchabi, A., Coyne, D., Hountondji, F., Lawvuin, L., Wiemken, A., & Oehl, T. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in sub-Saharan savannas of Benin, West Aafrica, as affected by agricultural land use intensity and ecological zone. Mycorrhiza., 18, 181–195.

Tisdale, S. L., Nelson, W. L., & Beaton, J. D. (1985). Soil Fertility and Fertiliter. Collar Macmillan.

Villar, M. C., Petrikova, V., Diasz Ravina, M., & Carballas, T. (2004). Change in soil microbial biomass and aggregate stability following burning and soil rehabilitation. Geoderma, 122, 73–82.

Waldrop, M. P., & Firestone, M. K. (2004). Altered utilization patterns of young and old soil C by microorganisms caused by temperature shift and N additions. Biogeochemistry., 67, 235–248.

Witt, C., Dobermann, A., Abdulrachman, S., Gines, H. C., Guanghuo, W., Nagarajan, R., Satawatananot, S., Son, T. T., Tan, P. S., Tiem, L. Van, Simbahan, G. C., & Olk, D. C. (1999). Internal nutrient efficiencies of irrigated lowland rice in tropical and subtropical Asia. Field Crops Research, 63, 113–38.

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Al-Moshileh, A. M., & Errebi, M. . (2004). Effect of Various Potassium Sulphate Rates on Growth, Yield and Quality of Potato Grown under Sandy Soil and Arid Conditions. In Potassium and Fertigation development in West Asia and North Africa (pp. 24–28). IPI Regional Workshop.

Alley, M. M., & Vanlauwe, B. (2009). The Role of Fertilizers in Integrated Plant management. International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA).

Amato, M., & Ladd, J. . (1992). Decomposition of 14C-labelled glucose and legume material in soil: properties influencing the accumulation of organic residue C and microbial biomass C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry., 24, 455–464.

Angers, D. A. (1997). Impact of tillage pratices on organic carbon and nitrogen storage in humic soil of Easern Canada. Soil Tillage Research., 41, 191–201.

Barzman, M., Bà rberi, P., Birch, A. N. E., Boonekamp, P., Dachbrodt-Saaydeh, S., Graf, B., Hommel, B., Jensen, J. E., Kiss, J., Kudsk, P., Lamichhane, J. R., Messéan, A., Moonen, A.-C., Ratnadass, A., Ricci, P., Sarah, J.-L., & Sattin, M. (2015). Eight principles of integrated pest management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35(4), 1199–1215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0327-9

Basu, S., Das, M., Sen, A., Choudhury, U., & Datta, A. (2014). Analysis of complete nutritional profile of amorphophallus campanulatus tuber cultivated in Howrah District of West Bengal, India. Asian J Pharm Clin Res., 7(2), 25–29.

Brundrett, M. C. (2009). Mycorrhizal associations and other means of utrition of vascular plants: Understanding the global diversity of host plant resolving conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis. Plant and Soil., 320, 37–44.

Buresh, R. J., & Witt, C. (2007). Site Spesific Nutrients Menagement. In IFA (Ed.), Fertilizer Best Management Practices: General Principles, Strategy for their Adoption and Voluntary Initiatives vs Regulations. (pp. 47–56). IFA International Workshop on Fertilizer Best Management Practices.

Byju, G., Mamatha, K., Nedunchezhiyan., M., George, J., Sunitha, S., Kamalkumaran, R., Singh, P. P., Mitra, S., Soman, S., Tarafdar, T., Desai, K., Ravi, V., Vani, M., & Remesh, K. R. R. (2016). Fertilizer best management practices by SSNM and customized fertilizers for elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) cultivation in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences., 86(4), 485–493.

Chattopadhyay, A., & Nath, R. (2007). Medicinal importance of some well known and unexploited roots and tubers: Agriculture update. Hindian. Agri-Horticulture Society, 2, 80–82.

Chauhan, T. M., Ali, J., Singh, H., Singh, N., & Singh, S. P. (2014). Effect of Zinc and magnesium nutrition on yield, quality and removal of nutrients in wheat drip irrigation and fertigation levels. Journal of Root Crops, 42(1), 22–32.

Ebert, G. (2009). Potassium nutrition and its effect on quality and post-harvest properties of potato. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Potassium Role and Benefits in Improving Nutrient Management for Food Production, Quality and Reduced Environmental Damages, (p. : 637-638).

Ellis, B., & Foth, H. (1997). Soil Fertility (2nd ed.). CRC Boca Raton,. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203739341

Fang, W., & Wu, P. (2004). Variations of konjac glucomannan (KGM) from Amorphophallus konjac and its refined powder in China. Food Hydrocolloids, 18, 167–170.

Gil-stores, F., Trasar-Ceped, C., Leiros, M. C., & Seoane, S. (2005). Different approach to evaluating soil quality using biochemical properties. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37, 877–887.

Gupta, V. K. (1995). Zinc research and agricultural production. In H. L. S. Tandon (Ed.), Micronutrient Research and Agricultural Production, (pp. 132–164). IBH & Oxford Publishing Company, New Delhi.

Hakim, N., Soepardi, G., & Tan, K. H. (1986). Pengantar ilmu tanah. Fakultas Petanian Unvrsitas Sriwijaya.

Hazarika, B. N., & Ansari, S. (2007). Biofertilizers in fruit crops. A review. Agricultural Review., 28 ., 69–74.

Hetterscheid, W. (2019). Amorphophallus Introduction and Taxonomic Description. International Aroid Society.

Insam, H. (1990). Are the soil microbial biomass and basal respiration governed by the climate regime? Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22, 525–532.

Kabeerathumma, S., Mohankumar, B., & Nair, P. G. (1987). Nutrient Uptake and Their Utilization by Yams, Aroides and Coleus. Technical Bulletin Series No.1, 34.

Leiwakabessy, F. M., Wahjudin, U. M., & Suwarno. (2003). Kesuburan Tanah. Jurusan Tanah Fakultas Pertanian, IPB.

Lin, S. Y., Young, C. C., Hupfer, H., Slering, C., Arun, A. B., Chen, W. M., Lai, W. A., Shen, F. T., Rekha, P. D., & Yassin, A. F. (2009). Azospirillum picis sp., isolated form discarded tar. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59, 761–765.

Marschner, P., Crowley, D., & Yang, C. H. (2004). Development of specific rhizosphere bacterial communities in relation to plants species, nutrition and soil type. Plant and Soil, 261, 199–208.

Martin-Prevel, P. J. (1989). Physiological processes related to handling and storage quality of crops. In Proceedings of the 21st IPI Colloquium on: Methods of K Research in Plants. held at Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 19-21 June 1989 (pp. 219–248). International Potash Institute, Bern, Switzerland.

Misra, R. S., Nedunchezhiyan, M., Shivalingaswamy, T. M., & Edison, S. (2002). Mass multiplication techniques for producing quality planting of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson (Araceae). Aroideana, 25, 78–87.

Moore, J. M., Klose, S., & Tabatabai, M. A. (2000). Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen as affected by cropping systems. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 31, 200–210.

Nair, P. G., Mohankumar, C. R., & Saraswathy, P. (1990). Effect of different levels of NPK on the growth and yield of Amorphophallus under upland condition in acid ultisol. In National Symposium on Recent Advances in Tropical Tuber Crops. 7-9 November,1990, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

Nedunchezhiyan, M., Ravi, V., Byju, G., & George, J. (2017). Organic source of nutrients effect on growth, yield and quality ofelephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences., 887(8), 1018–1023.

Palm, C. A., Gachengo, C. N., Deive, R. J., Cadisch, G., & Giller, K. E. (2001). Organic input for soil fertility management in tropical agroecosystems: application of an organic resource database. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment., 83, 27–42.

Ramadhani, Y. (2020). Keuntungan Bisnis Tanaman Porang: Potensi Ekspor Hingga Rp11,31 M. Tirto.Id. https://tirto.id/ew4b

Ravi, V., Ravindran, C. S., & Suja, G. (2009). Growth and productivity of elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst. Nicolson): an overview. Journal of Root Crops, 35, 131–142.

Ravi, V., Ravindran, C. S., Suja, G., George, J., Nedunchezhiyan, M., Byju, G., & Naskar, S. K. (2011). Crop physiology of elephant foot yam [Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst. Nicolson)]. Adv. Hort. Sci., 25(1), 51–63.

Roper, M. M., & Gupta, V. S. R. (1995). Management practices and soil biota. Australian Journal of Soil Research., 33, 321–329.

Roy, R. N., Finck, A., Blair, G. J., & Tandon, H. L. S. (2006). Plant nutrition for food security, a guide for integrated nutrient management.

Sahoo, B., Nedunchezhiyan, M., & Acharyya, P. (2015). Growth and Yield of Elephant Foot Yam under Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) in Alfisols. Journal of Root Crops, 41(1), 59–64.

Sahoo, B., Nedunchezhiyan, M., Acharyya, P., Munshi, R., Sahu, D., & Pradhan, R. (2019). Effect of Secondary and Micronutrients on Growth Attributes and Yield of Elephant Foot Yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences., 8(5), 323–330.

Sakal, R., & Singh, A. P. (1995). Boron research and agricultural production. In H. L. . Tandon (Ed.), Micronutrients Research and Agricultural Production,. IBH & Oxford Publishing Company.

Saleh, N., Rahayuningsih, S. A., Radjit, B. S., Ginting, E., Harnowo, D., & Mejaya, I. M. J. (2015). Tanaman Porang. Pengenalan, Budidaya, dan Pemanfaatannya. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan.

Santosa, E., Halimah, S., Susila, A. D., Lontoh, A. P., Noguchi, A., Takahata, K., & Sugiyama, N. (2015). NPK Fertilizers for Elephant Foot Yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) Intercropped with Coffee Trees. Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia ., 43(3), 257–263.

Santosa, E., Setiasih, I., Mine, Y., & Sugiyama, N. (2011). Nitrogen and potassium applications on the growth of Amorphophallus muelleri Blume. Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia, 39, 118–124.

Sapitri, L. D. (2012). Pemupukan Tanaman Suweg (Amorphophallus Paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) Dan Iles-Iles (Amorphophallus Muelleri Blume.) Pada Sistem Tumpangsari. Institute pertanian Bogor.

Sarief, S. (1985). Kesuburan dan pemupukan tanah pertanian. Pustaka Buana.

Scheludko, A. V., Krill, V. M., Tugarova, A. V., Krestinenko, V. A., Panasenko, V. I., Antonyuk, L. P., & Katsy, E. I. (2009). Change in motility of the Rhizobacterium Azospirillum brasilense in the presence of plant lectins. Microbiological Research., 164, 149–156.

Siason, E., Standing, D., Kilham, E., & Johnson, D. (2009). Mycorrhizal fungi increase biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas fluorescence. Soil Biology and Biochemstry., 41, 1341–1343.

Srivastava, A. K., & Ngullie, E. (2009). Integrated Nutrient Management: Theory and Practice. Dynamic Soil, Dynamic Plant., 3(1), 1–30.

Srivastava, A. K., & Singh, S. (2003). Biofertilizers, an upcoming alternative to chemical fertilizers for better soil fertility and citrus nutrition. Indian Fertilizers., 16, 42–53.

Sugiyama, N., & Santosa, E. (2008). Edible Amorphophallusin Indonesia-Potential Crops in Agroforestry. Gajah Mada Press.

Suja, G., Sundaresan, S., & John, K. S. (2012). Higher yield, profit and soil quality from organic farming of elephant foot yam. Agronomy Sustainability Development, 32, 755–764. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0058-5

Sumarwoto, & Maryana. (2011). Pertumbuhan bulil iles-iles berbagai ukuran pada beberapa jenis media Tanam. Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan., IV(2), 91–98.

Sumarwoto, W. W. (2008). Growth and yield of food yam (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) at first growing period at different N and K fertilizers. Agrivita, 30, 67–74.

Tchabi, A., Coyne, D., Hountondji, F., Lawvuin, L., Wiemken, A., & Oehl, T. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in sub-Saharan savannas of Benin, West Aafrica, as affected by agricultural land use intensity and ecological zone. Mycorrhiza., 18, 181–195.

Tisdale, S. L., Nelson, W. L., & Beaton, J. D. (1985). Soil Fertility and Fertiliter. Collar Macmillan.

Villar, M. C., Petrikova, V., Diasz Ravina, M., & Carballas, T. (2004). Change in soil microbial biomass and aggregate stability following burning and soil rehabilitation. Geoderma, 122, 73–82.

Waldrop, M. P., & Firestone, M. K. (2004). Altered utilization patterns of young and old soil C by microorganisms caused by temperature shift and N additions. Biogeochemistry., 67, 235–248.

Witt, C., Dobermann, A., Abdulrachman, S., Gines, H. C., Guanghuo, W., Nagarajan, R., Satawatananot, S., Son, T. T., Tan, P. S., Tiem, L. Van, Simbahan, G. C., & Olk, D. C. (1999). Internal nutrient efficiencies of irrigated lowland rice in tropical and subtropical Asia. Field Crops Research, 63, 113–38.

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Published

2021-10-31

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Vol. 8 No. 2 (2021): October 2021

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